How do I remove an old electrical socket?

I recently removed an electrical socket that was in an odd location along a wall in my house. It's a 1950s home and had two black wires running into screws on one side of the socket, and two white wires running into the other. I capped all four wires and put a cover over the whole, but when I switched the power back on, an outlet in another room is no longer working. Have I broken the circuit? If so, do I need to connect the old wires back together to fix the issue? White to white, or white to black?